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New Attoclock Technique Reveals Near-Zero Electron Tunneling Time - Garryerkont - 06-07-2025
When subjected to a powerful laser field during strong-field ionization, electrons can briefly pass through a quantum tunneling barrier—an otherwise impassable energy threshold. This phenomenon, rooted in quantum mechanics, has long intrigued scientists, particularly the question of how long an electron spends inside the barrier.
Measuring this tunneling time with precision has proven difficult. In recent years, physicists have turned to attoclocks—tools capable of timing ultrafast electron behavior down to attoseconds (one quintillionth of a second)—in an effort to resolve this fundamental question. Yet, most attoclocks developed so far have been hampered by technical limitations and have produced inconclusive results.
In a new study published in Physical Review Letters, researchers from Wayne State University and Sorbonne University introduced an innovative attoclock method that uses the carrier-envelope phase (CEP)—the offset between a laser pulse’s envelope and its oscillating electric field—to improve the accuracy of tunneling time measurements.
"The question of tunneling time has been debated in quantum mechanics for decades," said senior author Wen Li. "Although attoclocks offer the time resolution necessary to answer it, previous efforts have still fallen short."
Traditional attoclocks typically use elliptically polarized light and rely on complex models to infer timing delays, often making the results unreliable. The new phase-resolved technique overcomes this by directly tracking the peak of the laser’s electric field—precisely when electrons are expected to tunnel—using circularly polarized light in combination with CEP control. This approach reduces the influence of non-time-related variables that can distort results.
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The team tested the new method through a series of experiments, finding that tunneling time appears to be extremely short—essentially vanishing. They also discovered that the deflection angles of tunneled electrons correspond primarily to their ionization potentials, rather than to any delay from tunneling itself.
"Our findings suggest that the tunneling time is almost zero," Li said. "What we see instead is that deflection angles reflect the ionization characteristics of the atoms, not a measurable delay."
Looking ahead, the team is investigating whether the tiny delays they observed—though nearly imperceptible—can be meaningfully quantified. These observations may eventually require even more precise measurement tools, potentially leading to the development of a "zeptoclock," capable of resolving timescales as short as zeptoseconds (10⁻²¹ seconds).
In the meantime, the robustness of their new attoclock design opens up exciting possibilities for applying it as a real-time spectroscopic tool, potentially revolutionizing how researchers study ultrafast chemical and physical processes.